div-Wua-eUb-dka-jtuld

  

dYbx-VK-jDf-lk-ENa (VK-jDf-dI-VU-jFn)

Lfn: tYs-Ek-Ek

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VK-jDf-Dp

¤

VK-rcif-ekf

RUv-apJ-jjShx-VK-xka-Vp 1865, Hfh-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-rxUb-vhka-raygs-Ga-wos-jwf-VK-jDf-dI-VU-jFn, tkc jjtK rcNf-akx-xk-via-Fov-dia. WUb-Qoc-jxn-Dpg-BUb-jvuJls-wck-xu-lkf-FK-jjxba-Woa-dI-VU-jFn. ebca-QUh-Ekn-Dpg-BUb-Dks-dks jjtK xp racf-ep-wkc-jjxba-roc-rahk-rxUb-vhka. Ga-jjxb-aO-jxugl-dbla-xp-Vk-Grnb-rtkn-dcbk-VK-FY-via.

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VK-FY-via VK-jDf-tkc, dI-VU-jFn jjtK HD xp-fPa-jjfa-jVia-wls-GQ-tkc. jjSb-jVia-jc-tk 5 eK-SK-cif Dpg-fPa-jjfa-jrtogk-apJ-jWpn-jVia-ebca-raygs-wls-lk-ak-Fid-Grnb-Dpg-Eos-lI-akf aiJa-Wu lk-ak-Fid-wK-jrxa. lk-ak-Fid-apJ-jtpgx-SoJa-wyJa VK-xka Vp W.e. 790 Lfn-dK-eif-raYbx-Eug Fk-nk-ck-xka Dp ÉÉ QUh-jEPgs-qid-fia-Grh-via-fk-VK-jDf-ahln-Grh-Rcx-Soc-dia. Ebcs-aiJa-jls Dpg-Ekc-wK-jrxa-ehks-lis-dm-cif jEPgs-nis-Wos-jVia-ePgs-VYd-ehks-Dks-ek-eK-rak-lia-nPgs-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-wls-Ltd-Ga-VK-FY-via jjtK lis-dm-cif-nis-jVia-jjrtbs-Dbls-DbNc-Dpg-xp-Eug-eNs-aI-lpd. Sla-lis-dm-cif-ehks-wyJa-aiJa xia-jVia-cif-wls-ek-eK-rak-RPa-fU. jjSb-ek-eK-rak-qYf-WblnA-jwoJk-xk-jVia-ek-eK-rak-rtid-wls-wos-jwf-apJ Ga-Dpg-eYf cif-jjrbs-apJ-dmg-Cud-aI-GEh-Lfn-Ekc-qYf.

Smg-xk-lI-akf-wK-jrxa-dmg-tYf-ahln-Cln-tos. lk-ak-Fid-wK-jrxa-Cud-LFx-Sp-Lfn-dls-Div-Ga-jjSb-tK-fhka Fygs-jRif-Grh-wK-jrxa-ahln-tos jjtK lis-dm-cif-dmg-Cud-VK-jVia-Rhks.

jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-Rhln-Vp Dpg-dI-VU-jFn-VK-jEpa-div-Wckx-DYd-nhla-BUb-Ga-loJs-xu-wls-Sbks-Ekf jjtK QUh-Vod-Wls. ZTigs-Byf-dI-VU-jFn-jVia-raygs-Ga-roc-jxuls-wyJa. npg-VYba-jwoJk-Byf-lpd-Ga-tK-rcbks-eos-Wkx-Ltd-WiJs-Dp ÉÉ Fkd-aiJa ZTigs-dmg-jwoJk-xk-Byf-lpd-jDugl-raygs. Ga-Vp 1954 dI-VU-jFn-jVia-lPf-eK-tK jjSb-eK-rK-tif-lk-jx-TP-dk-dmg-Hfh-C{x-tK-jvpf-Bbks-raid jjtK Hfh-RYd-Rka-VK-jDf-apJ. jjSb-Vp 1969 jCPs 1973 lk-jx-TP-dk-Hfh-C{x-tK-jvpf-whk-Ekc-jxuls 100,000 rk 500,000Woa.

tif-CK-vka-Grxb-wls-dI-VU-jFn-wyJa-xk-xp-lI-akf-Ga-Vp 1976 qkn-GSh-dka-aI-wls-qK-jfif-dka LVa-Vof. qcd-jwok-Shls-dka-aI-qk-VK-jDf-Ekf-dhkc-rahk jjSb-qif-vmg-RUh-cbk-FK-jRif-jjac-Gf. aK-Ln-vkn-LRx-aP-Wox-wls-tif-CK-vka-GEh-dka-vmg-Hfh, Hq-lyf-Bkd jjtK qK-nkf-jjQb-tkx-HV-Dogc-rxUb-vhka-SbksA. LVa-Vof Bhka-DYd-Woa-vmg-jria-fp-aI-tkc. jjxba-jjSb Dbka rxm, WU-lk-Fka jjtK-QUh-Gf-dmg-Skx-Dpg-xp-dka-eyd-ek-fp FK-Cud-jvPgs-jVia-Hq-WYd-Wkx jjtK rtkn-Woa-Ga-FI-aca-jrtogk-aiJa-Cud-VK-rka-Ep-cPf. tkc-whk-jjxba-dK-DiJs-Woa-Dpg-Ebcn-tkc jqkK-tkc-Shls-dka-C{x-LDf-Grh-QUh-Gf-QUh-raygs-Smg-div-aK-Ln-vkn-Dpg-QPf-qkf-wls-tkc. Ga-Ht-nK 4 Vp xp-Woa-Bbks-rahln 2 thka-Woa-Skn-nhla-Cud-VK-rka, Hq-lyf-rPc, Ltd-qK-nkf jjtK jRif-cNd-raid-jdpa-HV. vmg-xp-GQ-RUh-FI-aca-Soc-FPs.

Ga-Vp 1978 rcNf-akx-eogs-dls-Div-HV-BYf-tif-CK-vka-lk-Ek-nk-dla-wls-LVa-Vof. xia-dPa-jc-tk-jCPs 15 Vp Ga-dka-Viv-VbNa-Grh-xp-tif-CK-vka-lia-eK-rsov-eYd. VK-FY-via dI-VU-jFn-xp-Wckx-rxiJa-Wos-jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-dcbk 1 Dof-eK-cif-jjthc, jjSb-dI-VU-jFn-dmg-nis-dI-tis-fpJa-Roa-jqugl-VPga-Voc-vkf-jjQ-eos-Wkx-Dpg-Hfh-lY-vif-wyJa-jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-eK-SK-cif.

ska-vYa-Skx-jjxb-wls-dmg-jdpf-wyJa-VK-xka-Vp 1865 Wu-dia.

jef-CK-dPf

Woa-ebca-rtkn-Ga-dI-VU-jFn-jjxba-Ekc-ak. xp-rtkn-Woa-VK-dlv-lk-Epv-thNs-Vk rtu Fiv-Vk-Ga-jjxb-aO jqugl-eK-rals-Dkf-LVT-Spa-jjdb-dka-Lq-EK-ak-dka. dka-Dbls-DbNc-dI-tis-jSpv-Grnb. Bks jjtK jjQba-jjq-dmg-jVia-jjrtbs-rk-tkn-Riv-Dpg-eI-Wia-lia-raygs-Fkd-Sbks-VK-jDf.

vks-eK-Cka-Dbls-DbNc

lis-dm-cif cif-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd

jxugl-raygs-qia-Vp-dbla Fid-dK-qov-Dpg-xp-lI-akf-Dpg-eYf-Ga-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh-jjxba-lk-ak-Fid-wK-jrxa jEPgs-xp-eUa-dks-BUb-VK-jDf-dI-VU-jFn-Ga-VK-FY-via.

dK-eif-wK-jrxa-Hfh-ehks-lis-dm-wyJa-xk jEPgs-jVia-dYbx-cP-rka jjtK lk-Wka-Dks-ek-eK-rak SiJs-BUb-Gdh-dia-div-DK-jt-ekv-Grnb-Dpg-xp-Eug-cbk Sos-jt-ekv. lia-Dpg-Grnb-Dpg-eYf jjtK xp-Eug-eNs-Dpg-eYf-Ga-ePgs-VYd-ehks-jrtogk-apJ-jjxba lis-dm-cif.

DI-lPf-aiJa lis-dm-cif jjxba-cP-rka-wls-ek-eK-rak-RPa-fU. jjSb-Dia-Dp-Dpg-ehks-eI-jtif dK-eif-los-Dpg-jEugl-Cu-Ga-ek-eK-rak-qYf-dmg-Hfh-wyJa-Wls-tk-EK-eox-vif. Qbka-xk-Dogc-Fid-dK-qov-Hfh-Riv-Wckx-DYd-nkd-tI-vkd-BUb-rtkn-Vp-qkn-GSh-dka-Vod-Wls-Dpg-jEuglx-LEx (emJ-Lds) VK-Ek-Eoa-ebca-Grnb-Hfh-Rpv-Rhla-VbNa-xk-jEugl-Cu-Ga-ek-eK-rak-qYf jEPgs-jVia-ek-eK-rak-Dpg-ela-cbk eia-SP-eYd-qkn-Ga-jjxba-eI-Wia-dcbk-jsPa-WI. lis-dm-cif Fygs-dkn-xk-jVia-cP-rka-wls-ek-eK-rak-qYf.

lis-dm-cif jVia-ePgs-VYd-ehks-Dks-ek-eK-rak-Dpgdchks-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd. dI-jjqs-fhka-ald-xp-Wckx-nkc-jCPs 3.6 dP-Lt-jjxif.

rtkn-eK-SK-cif-Smg-xk rtis-Fkd-lis-dm-cif-ehks-eI-jtif, wK-jrxa-dmg-eUa-jen-lI-akf-wls-Soa jjtK lis-dm-cif dmg-Cud-tux-HV. lis-dm-cif div-Wua-xk-xp-Eug-eNs-Wua-Grxb-rtis-Fkd-Dpg jRia-Tp xU-R¾lf (Èåîòé Íïõèïô), aid-qyd-ek-ekf jjtK aid-eI-rtcf-Ekc-ZTigs-Hfh-wNa-dbNc-div-lis-dm-cif-Ga-Vp 1863. Dbka xU-R¾lf nis-Hfh-jfpa-Dks-jwoJk-xk-tkc jjtK wNa-rais-eu-dbNc-div-VK-jDf-tkc-lpd-fhcn. jqPga-jen-Ep-cPf-fhcn-Hwh-Vbk (Hwh-xk-tk-jTn) Ga-wK-aK-Dpg-qid-BUb-VK-jDf-tkc. vbla-Zis-eov-jqPga-jjxba-BUb-jjWx-aO-Wka jjwcs-rtcs-qK-vks.

Woa-wK-jrxa-jWpn-Cud-lk-ak-Fid-Fkx-jjrbs-rcNf-akx-LFx-Sp-xk-dbla. RUv-Wcif-apJ-jjxba-BUb-Ga lis-dm-cif Hfh-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-dls-Div-wK-jrxa-jfpa-Div-lld-HV-Smg-eUh-div-dls-Div-Fkx.

RUv-Wcif-lpd-lia-raygs-jjxba-Hfh-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-cPa-nka-QUh-qP-Did-Rid-ek-epg-los.

lis-dm-cif jjxba-jjrtbs-Dbls-DbNc-Dpg-eI-Wia-Dpg-eYf-Ga-VK-jDf-dI-VU-jFn. VK-jDf-dI-VU-jFn-dI-tis-qif-DK-ak-eK-Cka-Dpg-Dbls-DbNc-lugaA-HV-jDugl-tK-rahln. rkf-Ekn-apJ-jjxba-BUb-jDPs-jdkK-dK-Sbkn, Ga-lbkc-HD jEPgs-Gdh-div-Dks-GSh-eYf-wls-dI-VU-jFn.

Sos-jt-ekv BUb-Ga-VK-jDf-dI-VU-jFn. xia-jjxba-DK-jt-ekv-Dpg-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh. Ga-tK-fU-jjths tK-fiv-aO-Ga-DK-jt-ekv-jjxba-jtPd-qNs-jjSb-raygs-jjxif; jjSb-Ga-tK-fU-Zoa, aO-wls-FK-Hrt-jwoJk-Chcx-Sos-jt-ekv. Sos-jt-ekv FK-Grnb-dcbk-jdogk-jCPs-rhk-jDogk jjtK jtPd-jCPs10 jjxif.

xp-rxUb-vhka-aO-rtkn-jjrbs-Cud-ehks-wyJa-Skx-Zigs-jjxb-aO. Ekn-QUh-apJ-dI-tis-qkn-jRul-jxul-jRula-wls-tkc-Ga-rxUb-vhka-aO-jjrbs-raygs.

jwoJk-raox

rxod-dk-tpg-lk-Lxd jjxba-lk-rka-Dpg-aP-nox-dPa-wls-dI-VU-jFn. lk-rka-apJ-jRif-Fkd-Vk-fYd jEPgs-rayJs-Geb-dK-DP-rxkd-qhkc.

aP-Dka-dI-VU-jFn

WK-fp-wm-jjSbs-ekc

foa-aka-xk-jjthc Ga-lk-ak-Fid-dI-VU-jFn-xp-Ekn-Woa-raygs-Sod-Ga-wYx-Rid-div-nPs-Woa-raygs figs-aiJa Ekn-Woa-aiJa dmg-jtpn-jfpa-Dks-HV-wm-lK-aY-nkf-qmg-jjxb-wls-aks jqugl-FK-Hfh-jjSbs-ska-BUb-dPa-aI-Woa-Dpg-tkc-Rid-Eogc-zhk-fPa-eK-rtkn.

“Chk-Bkd-Hfh-tUd-ekc-wls-qcd-whln-jjDh jFoJk-Shls-Hfh-Qbka-dka-Dof-elv-Wckx-lof-Doa-dbla.” qmg-jjxb-wls-Zbkn-nPs-jcoJk. “jFoJk-Shls-Cud-xif-jjwa-jjthc-jjEb-aO-qNs-Wm-ekx-xuJ-ekx-Wua. jCPs-FK-rakc-jjac-Gf-jFoJk-dmg-vmg-Shls-HV-Zps-Hz-Dks-Gf-jfif-wkf. Chk-jFoJk-Qbka-dka-Dof-elv-dI-tis-GF-apJ-Hfh jFoJk-xk-FUs-jjwa-tUd-ekc-wls-qcd-jRok-jwoJk-VK-SU-cP-ck-Hfh-jtpn.” qmg-jjxb-Zbkn-nPs-cbk-jjac-aiJa-jjthc Ekn-raYbx-dmg-Riv-Vkd-Riv-WI eK-aiJa tkc-Fygs-Cud-xif-jjthc-jlok-HV-jjEb-aO.

rtis-Fkd-Bua-jjEb-aO-Ga-rals-jVia-jc-tk-els-xuJ-els-Wua vis-jlpa-Ekn-raYbx-Hfh-rtNc-jria-Hz-Hrxh-BUb-jDPs-nlf-qU-Hd-lld-HV. tkc-jxugln jjtK rakc-rtkn tkc-Fygs-nm-xu-wyJa-HV-Dks-jjVc-Hz-Dpg-dI-tis-tYd-Hrxh. wK-aK-aiJa qmg-jjxb-wls-Zbkn-nPs-dmg-vis-jlpa-tos-xk-rals-aO-Vka-Qp-EYd-xk jjtK Dis-els-dmg-Hfh-jria-ePgs-Dpg-Ekn-raYbx-dI-tis-jRif-BUb. qcd-jwok-Sif-ePa-cbk Ekn-raYbx-dI-tis-qK-nk-nkx-Zps-Hz-Fkd-nlf-qU-HdA. Ekn-raYbx-Hfh-tK-jxpf-dka-Sod-tos jjtK qcd-jwok-dmg-VK-SP-jef-Dpg-FK-Grh-tUd-ekc-Soa-jjSbs-ska-aI.

Ekn-raYbx-GF-Rhkn-rtkn eK-aiJa tkc-Fygs-HV-zhls-QUh-qP-qkd-ek. Fbk-eka-Hfh-RNd-Soc-qmg-jjxb-wls-aks-ekc-HV-Riv-zis jjtK Riv-WI-Sif-ePa. qmg-jjxb-wls-Zbkn-nPs-nlx-Riv-FK-HV-jjSb-nhla-jqPga-xp-jsPa-rtkn jqPga-Fygs-jlok-wls-wcia-rtkn-lia-rtkn-jjac-HV-Shla-QUh-qP-qkd-ek. nhla-Ekn-raYbx-jVia-Woa-DYd-vmg-xp-rnis-Grh QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dmg-jtpn-Sif-ePa-jjvv-vmg-nYf-SP-DI-cbk: “Dhkc-raYbx jFoJk-jRif-QPf-Smg-jsugla-Hw-nhla-Hfh-tid-Zps-Hz eK-aiJa jFoJk-Fygs-jen-WK-fp. jFoJk-vmg-ek-xkf-jjSbs-ska-div-tUd-ekc-jqPga jjthc-jFoJk-nis-FK-Shls-Hfh-Eof-HEh-Wbk-Viv-Grx Lfn-dka-Fif-ska-thNs-Grh-qcd-jRok-Dis-rxof.” jxugl-Ekn-raYbx-Hfh-nPa-WI-Sif-ePa tkc-GF-Rhkn jjtK jen-GF-rtkn. tkc-Fogx-cbk-lld-HV-Bbks-WNf-wox. tK-rcbks-Dks-div-vhka tkc-jjcK-HV-rk-QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn. “jVia-rnis-jFoJk-Fygs-Led-jeoJk-jjDh-ahls-Ekn?” QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-Ckx. Ekn-raYbx-jtogk-jrf-dka-Dis-rxof-Grh-QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-zis. “jFoJk-FK-HV-Ge-ahls-Ekn?” QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-Ckx. “ahls-FI-Shls-HV-Fif-dNx-ska-thNs.” Ekn-raYbx-Slv. “Ll!” QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-jcoJk-wyJa. “HV-dNx-ska-thNs-jDkK jjthc-div-xk-Riv-jlok-lhkn-HV-dPa-aI-jjfb. lhkn-FK-jRif-Grh-ahls-EK-aK-WK-fp-Chk-ahls-jRif-Skx-lhkn-vld. jRif-jjac-apJ-jfp-ahls! vmg-Shls-jlok-jdul-Geb-jjds, Grh-jlok-jdul-Hch-Ga-Chcn-Sbks-rkd.”

Ekn-raYbx-fp-GF-rtkn jxugl-RUh-cbk-QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-FK-Ebcn. tkc-lld-HV-dNx-ska-thNs jjthc-dmg-jlok-jdul-Geb-Ga-Chcn-Sbks-rkd-Skx-Dpg-QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-vld. Fkd-aiJa tkc-dmg-xk-qk-QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-HV-aI jqugl-jlok-lk-rka-HV-Grh-QUh-qP-qkd-ek jjtK-qmg-jjxb-wls-QUh-ekc. QUh-qP-qkd-ek-jria-QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn jtpn-Ckx-wyJa-cbk: “lhkn-dK-Sbkn-jlpn, jrf-Gf-lhkn-Fygs-xk-Dpg-apJ?” “lhkn-xk-apJ jqugl-Ebcn-ahls-Ekn-HSb-eca-WK-fp.” QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-jcoJk. “Ll,” QUh-qP-qkd-ek-jcoJk, “Wia-EiJa-jVia-rnis-vmg-xk-dPa-jwoJk-dPa-aO-aI-dia-dbla?”

jxugl-ska-thNs-jtpgx-SoJa-wyJa QUh-qP-qkd-ek-jVia-QUh-DI-lPf-Dpg-jtpgx-SoJa-dPa-lk-rka. tkc-Eof-aO-jjds-Foa-jSix-WI jjthc-jcoJk-lld-xk-cbk. “jVia-rnis-jjds-Fygs-Fks-jjDh? QUh-qP-qkd-ek-dK-Sbkn-zhkc-Slv-cbk; “Hz-Hrxh-BUb-HdA-nis-jRif-Grh-Dhkc-raYbx-lYba-Hfh jdul-Dpg-jlok-Hch-vbla-luga-FK-vmg-jRif-Grh-jjds-xp-tof-Ekf-Hfh-jjac-Gf?” QUh-qP-qkd-ek-rahk-jjfs jjtK Vkd-vmg-lld. WK-fp-Hfh-Cud-qPd-VpJa jVia-lia-cbk Ekn-raYbx-jtpn-Cud-VK-dkf-Grh-jVia-QUh-EK-aK-WK-fp jjtK Hfh-jjSbs-ska-div-tUd-ekc-wls-els-Qoc-jxn-eox-GF-aK-vif-aiJa.

SmgHV SlaDp5