div-Wua-eUb-dka-jtuld

  

dYbx-VK-jDf-lk-ENa (VK-jDf-tkc)

Lfn: tYs-Ek-Ek

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VK-jDf-Dp

¡

tkc

qkv-apJ-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-jRula-wls-QUh-Rigs-xp-Ga-VK-jDf-tkc-VK-xka-Vp 1870 Wu-dbla-Dpg-VK-jDf-tkc-FK-Sod-jVia-roc-jxuls-wyJa-wls-ZTigs. Dbka-eis-jdf-jria-lia-Gf-Dpg-Whkn-Wu-div-jRula-wls-Woa-tkc-Ga-nYd-VK-FY-via-apJ-vm? xp-rnis-Dpg-jjSd-Sbks-dia-jjfb?

VKrcifekf

RUv-jjShx-apJ-jjxba-RUv-wls-jjxb-nPs-tkc 4 Woa Ga-VK-xka-Vp 1890.

xK-aYf-Hfh-lk-He-BUb-jdulv-Dogc-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh jEPgs-tcx-xp-Dis-Woa-tkc jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-qia-Vp-xk-jjthc. qcd-jRok-ek-xkf-RNa-RUh-VK-rcif-ekf-vU-Rka-wls-vks-VK-jDf jqkK-VK-Ek-Eoa-Hfh-ehks-SiJs-jRula, cif rtu lK-aY-ek-cK-tp Fkd-rpa jEPgs-nis-Wos-xp-Grh-jria-BUb-jVia-vks-vbla, BUb-Ga-jjCv-vhka-jRok ePgs-VYd-ehks-jdulv-Dis-rxof-Cud-ehks-fhcn-cif-eK-fY-Dpg-lbla-dcbk jEiga Hxh-HQb figs-aiJa qcd-xia-Fygs-rkn-ekv-eUa-HV-foa-aka-jjthc.

jFoJk-zhk-sYbx

jFoJk-lk-aY-cos-jjxba-dK-eif-Dpg-Vod-Wls-VK-jDf-tkc jtpgx-jjSb-Vp 1805 Rlf-Vp 1828. qK-los-Hfh-Eos-aI-qk-dka-Smg-eUh-Shka-eK-rnkx (HD Ga-VK-FY-via) jqugl-nkf-jlok-jl-dK-tkf-div-Wua-xk-eUb-VK-jDf-tkc. jjSb-dls-Div-HD-Hfh-xp-HE-jrauldcbk-nhla-Vif-HF-rtkn-Bbks jjtK qcd-jwok-Hfh-DI-tkn-quJa-Dpg-ebca-Grnb-wls-cNs-Fia.

VK-jDf-tkc-Grxb Cud-SiJs-wyJa-Ga-dks-eK-SK-cif-Dp 14 Lfn jFoJk-zhk-sYbx. lk-ak-Fid-wls-qK-los-Cud-jlpJa-cbk thka-Ehks jjtK xia-dcx-jlok-fPa-jjfa-wls-tkc-Dis-rxof-Ga-VK-FY-via jjtK nis-dcx-jlok-rtkn-ebca-wls-qkd-jraul jjtK qkd-Sk-jcia-lld-wls-HD. Ga-Vp 1373 tUd-Ekn-wls-qK-los Wu jFoJk-ekx-jjea-HD-Hfh-wyJa-jVia-dK-eif. jFoJk-ekx-jjea-HD-aI-jlok-Wckx-eK-rsov-Rogx-jBia jjtK-Wckx-RYbs-jRuls-xk-Grh-lk-ak-Fid. jqPga-Viv-VYs-tK-vov-lI-akf-tk-EK-dka jqugl-Fif-dka-lk-ak-jwf-lia-dchks-Grnb-apJ jjtK Viv-VYs-dka-Vhls-dia-VK-jDf-Grh-jwiJx-jjws-wyJa.

Wckx-BUb-jBia-jVia-eYd-lia-xp-xk-jjea-aka-Hfh-Cud-DI-tkn-tos-Fkd-eos-Wkx-lia-Smg-jaugls-Lfn-eUh-Bia-div-VK-jDf-jqugla-vhka-Wu: xNa-xhk, rcNf-akx jjtK lk-ak-Fid-lK-nY-DK-nk-wls-HD. Ga-Vp 1637 jFoJk-eY-tP-nK-cos-ek-Hfh-wyJa-eK-jrcpn-tk-EK-dka jjtK Hfh-aI-jlok-eia-SP-eYd-Wua-xk-lpd. qK-los-Hfh-jF-tK-Fk-dbNc-div-jwf-jjfa-div rcNf-akx jjtK HD jqugl-BYf-SP-eos-Wkx div-VK-jDf-jrtogk-aiJa. qkn-GSh-dka-aI-qk-apJ, ek-eK-rak-qYf-Hfh-jjQb-wK-rnkn, cNs-Fia-dkn-jVia-jxuls-Dpg-rahk-lif-eK-Fia jjtK dkn-jVia-jxuls-Dpg-RYbs-jRuls-Dks-fhka-eP-tK-VK jjtK cia-aK-WK-fp. dka-Vod-Wls-wls-jFoJk-eY-tP-nK-cos-ek xid-FK-Cud-RUh-Fid-cbk-jVia-nYd-Dls-WI-wls-cif-DK-aK-DI-tkc.

jFoJk-eY-tP-nK-cos-ek-jVia-QUh-aI-Dpg-jwiJx-jjws jEPgs-ek-xkf-LRx-jlok-jQogk-SbksA-jwoJk-jVia-VK-jDf. jjSb-qkn-rtis-Dpg-qK-los-e{a-qK-Eoa-Ga-Vp 1694 lk-ak-Fid-thka-Ehks-dmg-Hfh-jjSd-lld-jVia 3 Zbkn Wu: rtcs-qK-vks-Ga-Dks-qkd-jraul, cNs-Fia-Ga-qkd-dks jjtK FI-Vk-eid-Dks-qkd-GSh. qkn-GSh-dka-Vod-Wls-wls-dK-eif-los-fNc Dis-ekx-lk-ak-jwf-apJ-ek-xkf-xp-Wckx-jwiJx-jjws-qm-Dpg-FK-Rid-ek-eia-SP-eYd jjtK jl-dK-tkf-Hfh. jjSb-rtis-Fkd Dpg-jjSd-jjnd-dia jRif-Grh-jjSb-tK-lk-ak-Fid-lbla-jjl-jdpa-HV-Dpg-FK-Vod-Vhls-Soa-jls. HD-Wlv-Wls-cNs-Fia jjtK FI-Vk-eid-Ga-Vp 1778. rtcs-qK-vks-Cud-Byf-DI-lPf Lfn-xNa-xhk Fkd-aiJa dmg-jjxba-eK-rnkx. eK-rnkx-Vbln-Grh-jjSb-tK-lk-ak-jwf-Rid-ek-tk-Ek-wls-Soa-jls-Hch, jjSb-vis-Wiv-Grh-jen-qk-ep-Grh-vks-dld jjtK Grh-VK-SP-vif-Skx-WI-eigs-Fkd-vks-dld.

qK-Dkf-rtcs-Fkd-RUv-jjShx-VK-xka-Vp 1870

Fkd-aiJa ZTigs Shls-dka-fPa-jjfa-jqpgx-Ga-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh. Ga-Vp 1893 jRul-Rov-wls-ZTigs-Hfh-xk-Rlf-Dbk-jRul-Ga-vks-dld. qcd-jwok-Whks-BUb-Ga-Dbk-jRul jqugl-eK-jjfs-Wckx-jwiJx-jjws Foa-eK-rnkx-jria-fp-xlv-dka-Wcv-WYx-tkc-Grh-jjdb-ZTigs.

tK-rcbks-eos-Wkx-Ltd-WiJs-Dp ÉÉ npg-VYba-Wcv-WYx-tkc. npg-VYba-qbkn-jjqh-eos-Wkx-Ga-Vp 1945. rtis-Fkd-aiJa ZTigs-dmg-qK-nk-nkx-FK-Byf-Wls-VK-jDf-tkc-lpd. aid-Rov-jjac-tkc-lPf-eK-tK Lfn-dka-aI-qk-wls Dbka Hd-ela qox-cP-rka jjtK jFoJk-Ekn-eY-qk-aY-cos Hfh-Smg-Shka-ZTigs. xia-jVia-dka-Smg-eUh-lia-Dm-tK-rof-lof-Doa jjtK nkc-aka. ZTigs-lld-Fkd-tkc-HV-Ga-Vp 1954 jjSb-VK-jDf-dmg-nis-Cud-jjvbs-jjnd Lfn-dhla-dI-tis-Dpg-jjSd-Sbks-dia. Fkd-aiJa lk-jx-TP-dk-dmg-Hfh-RYd-Rka-rcNf-akx, Hfh-C{x-tK-jvpf-Geb-tkc jjtK dI-VU-jFn-Bbks-raid-Wu-dia. Ga-Dpg-eYf qid-Wlx-xU-aPf-dmg-Hfh-Riv-HE-EK-aK tkc-dmg-Hfh-VK-dkf-jVia-VK-jDf ek-Dk-tK-aK-tif VK-Ek-DP-VK-HS VK-Ek-Eoa-tkc Ga-Vp 1975. rtis-Fkd eK-Ck-VK-ak-VK-jDf-jVia-jl-dK-tkf-jjthc tif-CK-vka-Hfh Viv-doa-tK-nYf-rtkn-fhka jqugl-Vod-Vid-Rid-ek jjtK ehks-ek-VK-jDf-Ekf Grh-FK-jtpa-dhkc-rahk-figs-DYd-cia-apJ.

Dogs-Hr-rpa-BUb-jjwcs-ENs-wcks jjxba-jSix-HV-fhcn-Hr-rpa-rtkn-qia-rabcn, Skx-SI-aka-jtogk-tu-dia-cbk Hr-rpa-jrtogk-apJ-ehks-Ga-eK-Hrx wYa-jFuls jqugl-jRif-jrtoJk-eK-rtls-dPf-FK-dI-Gf-raygs jjSb-nis-vmg-xp-GQ-ek-xkf-Grh-wmJ-xUa-Bbks-FK-jjFhs-jDugl

jjwcs-ENs-wcks-Hfh-Cud-jWugls-vPa-wls-lk-jx-TP-dk-C{x-tK-jvpf-Geb-Bbks-raid-Ga-tK-rcbks-Vp1964+1975. VK-Ek-Eoa-ebca-Grnb-Hfh-qk-dia-jwoJk-HV-tpJ-BUb-Ga-CO jjtK xp-rtkn-Woa-Cud-whk-Skn. jwok-jFoJk-Cud-Fk-tyd-Hch-figs-RUv-ViJa-whks-jDPs-apJ.

Ep-cPf-Ga-CO-jjxba-tI-vkd jjtK lia-SK-tkn-rtkn jjSb-VK-Ek-Eoa-dmg-Hfh-Ebcn-jrtul-jEPgs-dia jjtK dia. Ga-CO-apJ-xp-Dis-LRs-RNa jjtK LRs-rxm. qkv-apJ-jjShx-wyJa jqugl-cks-eK-jjfs-BUb-jjwcs-ENs-wcks.

aiv-jjSb-Vp 1975 Dpg-VK-jDf-tkc-Hfh-Riv-jl-dK-tkf-Wua-xk-tK-vov-dka-eyd-ek jjtK eY-wK-qkv-jjxba-Hfh-Riv-dka-nod-tK-fiv-fp-wyJa-jtuJlnA. lhkn-raU-ahln-dmg-Hfh-Ebcn-Lfn-Fif-Grh-xp-ska-jjFd-VyJx-Skx-LRs-RNa jjtK vhka-SbksA-Ga-Eoa-aK-vof jqugl-eogs-jepx-Grh-jfid-ahln-Hfh-lbka-VyJx. xp-jfid-ahln-tkc-rtkn-Woa-Dpg-Hfh-Riv-VyJx-jrtiJx-DI-lPf-wls-qcd-jwok-Ga-ska-jjFd-VyJx-wls-lhkn-raU-ahln.

VK-FY-via

VK-Ek-Eoa-ebca-Grnb-jVia-Ekc-ak jjSb-jwok-jFoJk-ek-xkf-rk-jsPa-Hfh-fhcn-rtkn-cP-Dp. RUv-apJ-jjxba: dka-Rbla-WI (Viga-vhks) BUb-aO-lU.

dka-jRif-HW-jjQba, lk-rka-qP-jef-wls-rtcs-qK-vks jEPgs-jRif-Fkd-HW LRn-rahk-fhcn-jxif-rxkd-sk-div-jWugl-rlx jjthc-aI-HV-Skd-jjff-Grh-jjrhs. rtis-Fkd-aiJa-dmg-aI-HV-Fua rtu wks-Hz-dbla-Fygs-dPa.

dka-jRif-jWugls-rt{a-eI-tiv-jfid-ahln. jxugl-Dbka-jjdcbs-rxkd-vka-Dpg-rhln-BUb-dhls-jWugls-rt{a-apJ Hdb-epg-LS-dmg-FK-nod-roc-wyJa+-tos, jvPgs-Wu-div-cbk-qcd-xia-dI-tis-Slf-dPa-jwoJk.

aP-Dka

ek-DY-Grnb-wpJ-Hdb-LVb

SiJs-jjSb-vU-Rka-xk Ga-VK-jDf-tkc qmg-jjxb-xid-FK-eogs-tUd-Ekn-wls-Soa-HV-lk-He-BUb-aI-cif jqugl-RX-RNa-wNa-lbka nhla-jjac-aiJa-tUd-vhka-rtka-jxuls-vks-Woa-dmg-Hfh-lY-VK-eox-vof (vcf) jVia-Foc-ahln jqugl-jRif-cNd-Riv-GEh-jFoJk-xblx rtu ek-DY-Grnb. DYdA-jEoJk-qcd-jwok-FK-nbks-Skx-rtis-ek-DY-Grnb rtu jFoJk-xblx-lld-vPa-DK-vkf (Sid-vkf) Skx-rxUb-vhka. Chk-qcd-jwok-HV-vmg-Hfh-qcd-jwok-FK-Shls-Hfh-lK-ak-Hx-jfpga-cif dckf-dY-SP-ek-tk-wls-ek-DY-Grnb Grh-dhNs-Grh-skx-eK-lkf-eK-lks.

Sla-jEoJk-xuJ-raygs-ek-DY-Grnb-FK-HV-vPa-DK-vkf jjSb-Foc-ahln-qif-vmg-Dia. figs-aiJa jqPga-Fygs-jcoJk-div-Foc-ahln-cbk, “jlp, Wia-jaa-vmg-Dia-HV-aI-ek-DY jaa-Shls-Vif-dckf-jfpga-cif-Grh-eK-lkf-jfp. Bbk-Grh-Hdb-xk-Gdh-dY-SP-jfp!”

“Lfn, whk-ahln-EP-jvPgs-fpA,” Foc-ahln-Slv.

“jlp! Rpv-HV-Eld-zln-xk-jtpgx-dckf-ek. Fug-Hch-jfp Wia-xp-Hdb-xk-wpJ-Geb-dY-SP jaa-Shls-Hfh-jtn-lld-Grh-rxof,” ek-DY-Grnb-jcoJk-raid-jjraha-wyJa.

“Lfn, whk-ahln!” Foc-ahln-Slv-jjvv-jvuglA-aI-WI-eigs-eYf-Dhkn-wls-ek-DY-Grnb.

jxugl-ek-DY-lld-HV Foc-ahln-dmg-jtpgx-Vif-dckf-jfpga-cif jEif-CU-dY-SP, ek-tk Foa-eK-lkf-eK-lks. Fkd-aiJa Foc-ahln-dmg-WPf-rk-jjQa-SocK-ek-DY-wpJ-tI-Ht.

Foc-ahln-jtpgx-SoJa-SoJx-aO-lhln-Foa-wYha jjtK tkc-dmg-Blf-aO-lhln-wYhaA-jVia-RUv-aiJa-RUv-apJ Foa-Dogc-quJa-dY-SP-Dpg-eK-lkf-wls-ek-DY-Grnb. vmg-foa-aO-lhln-wYha-dmg-jjrhs-jjthc-Wbln-dhkx-jVia-dls-Whkn-Wu wpJ-Hdb-LVb. Fkd-aiJa tkc-dmg-aigs jjtK tm-Chk-ek-DY-Grnb-div-xk.

Wkc-raygs ek-DY-Grnb-dmg-xk-Rlf. jqPga-rtNc-jria-dY-SP-xp-jjSb-dls-lia-aiJa-lia-apJ-jSix-HV-rxof ek-DY-Grnb-Fygs-GF-Rhkn-wyJa.

“jaa xk-apJ-fU! jVia-rnis-Wu-xk-xp-wpJ-Hdb-rtkn-jjDh. jaa-vmg-Fug-vm-cbk-ek-DY-vld-jaa-cbk-jjac-Gf? xk-jtn-lld-Grh-rxof,” ek-DY-Grnb-eigs-Bbks-wys-wis.

Foc-ahln-jjtba-xk-rk-ek-DY-Grnb-qhlx-Dis-DI-Dbk-jen-GF. “Lln, Hdb-vid-Lld-tkn-wpJ-lpd-jjthc. whk-ahln-EP-jtn-xia-lld-fNc-apJ.”

Foc-ahln-rxUv-tos jjthc-jtpgx-SoJa-jtn-dls-DI-lPf. “Llh, Figs-jjxba-rcka-jf!” jjthc-tkc-dmg-euv-Smg-jtn-dls-SmgAHV Dis-jtn-Dis-jcoJk-HV-aI. “Llh, Figs-jjxba-jjEv-jf! rcka-jf! rlx-jf!”

ek-DY-Grnb-rtNc-jvPgs-Foc-ahln-fhcn-Wckx-jjVd-GF. jxugl-Foc-ahln-FK-jtn-dls-eYf-Dhkn jqPga-dmg-jcoJk-wyJa-cbk, “BYf-dbla jaa. xia-rcka-jjDh-vm lia-apJ?

“Lfn-whk-ahln. xia-rcka-jjDh, rcka-Vka-aO-lhln-aO-Ska-qYha-jjrtK.” Foc-ahln-Slv.

ek-DY-Grnb-xid-eia-wls-rcka-rtis-eia-Fis-ria (Wkv-jwoJk-jEoJk). xuJ-aiJa vmg-xp-nkf-Lnx-Soa-Gf-Cckn-wls-rcka-Geb-vkf-Grh-jqPga-jtpn. figs-aiJa jqPga-Fygs-jcoJk-cbk, “jlp Wia-xia-rcka-jjDh-Grh-ek-DY-tls-Epx-dls-eYf-Dhkn-apJ-ek!”

“Hfh-jjDh-jjab-ala whk-ahln.” Foc-ahln-Slv. figs-aiJa ek-DY-Grnb-Fygs-rxUv-tos-jtn-dPa-dls-aiJa-Foa-rxof.

“Llh, rcka-rlx-jjDh! jaa-jlpn jjSb-xuJ-luga-jVia-SoJa-HV-Vbln-Grh-Hdb-vid-Lld-tkn-wpJ-Geb-quJa-dY-SP-apJ-rtknA-jfp,” ek-DY-Grnb-eigs-Foc-ahln.

“Lfn-whk-ahln!” Foc-ahln-Slv-qhlx-Dis-n{x-Ga-GF.

Sla-jEoJk-xuJ-Smg-xk ek-DY-Grnb-dmg-lld-HV-vPa-DK-vkf-Ga-rxUb-vhka-Skx-jWpn jjtK Vbln-Grh-Foc-ahln-BUb-cif-Woa-fNc. Foc-ahln-VK-SP-vif-Skx-WI-eigs-wls-ek-DY-fhcn-Wckx-fp-lod-fp-GF.

ek-DY-Grnb-zhkc-div-xk-cif jqugl-Grh-Dia-eia-wpJ-Hdb-jVia-wls-rcka-rtis-eia-Fis-ria.

jxugl-ek-DY-Grnb-xk-Rlf-dY-SP jqPga-dmg-jcoJk-wys-wis-cbk, “jaa, rhkx-jjSK-Shls-wpJ-Hdb-qcd-aiJa-jfif-wkf-jfp. VK-Grh-ek-DY-eia-QUh-fNc-rtis-Fkd-eia-Fis-ria-jjthc!”

“Lfn-whk-ahln,” Foc-ahln-Slv-qhlx-Dis-lox-n{x-Slf-roc-aildA.

rtis-Fkd-eia-Fis-ria-jjthc ek-DY-Grnb-dmg-jtpgx-SoJa-jtn-wpJ-Hdb-LVb-dls-DI-lPf. “jjlid, xia-Wu-xk-jrxia-Skn-jjDh! xia-Sbks-lia-eia-xuJ-cka-apJ-abk-jaa!”

“jaa, xia-jVia-nhla-rnis-apJ?”

“Llb, Wu-EP-jVia-nhla-xia-vmg-jjxba-wpJ-vid-Lld-tkn. Shls-jjxba-wpJ-Hdb-LS-luga-Dpg-vmg-RUh-rnis-SP. tls-Epx-dls-Grxb-jvPgs-whk-ahln,” Foc-ahln-jjaK-aI.

ek-DY-Grnb-VK-SP-vif-Skx-Foc-ahln-jjaK-aI jqPga-Hfh-Epx-dls-wpJ-Hdb-rxof-DYd-dls dcbk-ek-DY-Grnb-FK-RUh-eyd-Soc-cbk Soa-jls-Cud-Foc-ahln-SocK.

Smg-HV -VK-jDf-Dp 2